![]() J Appl Physiol 1974, 36: 588-599.Įvans JW, Wagner PD: Limits on V ˙ A / Q ˙ distributions from analysis of experimental inert gas elimination. Wagner PD, Saltzman HA, West JB: Measurement of continuous distributions of ventilation/perfusion ratios: theory. Wagner PD, Hedenstierna G, Bylin G: Ventilation/perfusion inequality in chronic asthma. Riley RL, Cournand A: 'Ideal' alveolar air and the analysis of ventilation/perfusion relationships in the lung. Click to download the registry key to your default download location. Mecikalski MB, Cutillo AG, Renzetti AD Jr: Effect of right-to-left shunting on alveolar dead space. To check whether the MathType Server is running, look in the 'Notification Area' in the lower right of your screen, near the clock: Click the MathType Server icon, then click Exit. West JB: Ventilation-perfusion inequality and overall gas exchange in computer models of the lung. Niklason L, Eckerstrom J, Jonson B: The influence of venous admixture on alveolar dead space and CO 2 exchange in ARDS: computer modelling. Log SDQ is a parameter defined for quantifying V ˙ A / Q ˙ inequality in the multiple inert gas elimination technique and is the second moment (dispersion) of the V ˙ A / Q ˙ distribution on a log scale. Normal log SDQ is less than 0.6, and the highest log SDQ values seen are about 2 to 2.5. For example, it takes a very large, 60% shunt to increase dead space by 20% but a log-normal pattern of only moderate V ˙ A / Q ˙ inequality (log SDQ = 1.3) does the same. Thus, any gas exchange abnormality has the potential to increase dead space.įourth, V ˙ A / Q ˙ inequality is generally a cause of greater physiological dead space than shunt is (Figure 1) (calculations using algorithms from ). After all, physiological dead space is simply the difference between arterial and mixed expired pCO 2 divided by the arterial pCO 2. While this is not an entirely novel discovery (West performed very similar calculations in 1969 as did Mecikalski and colleagues in 1984), it is well worth having Niklason and colleagues remind us that physiological dead space not only can be caused by the development of regions with a high ventilation/perfusion ratio ( V ˙ A / Q ˙ but also can come from areas of low V ˙ A / Q ˙ and a shunt. They also show that the increase in pCO 2 can be avoided by even modest increases in total alveolar ventilation (although the calculated dead space will remain elevated). This will increase the calculated physiological dead space accordingly (above that normally present due to the volume of air in the conducting airways). Please click here for details.In the previous issue of Critical Care, Niklason and colleagues use computer modeling to point out that blood flowing through unventilated regions of the lung (a shunt) will increase arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO 2) if ventilation remains constant. MathType is also compatible with Office 2008 but not all features are available. Word (Macintosh): Microsoft Office 2011 Support (Office 2016 coming soon): MathType brings back its full functionality, including equation numbering, within Word 2011. Office 64- and 32-bit: MathType 6.9 is compatible with both 64- and 32-bit versions of Office. Word (Windows): Office 2016 and Office 365: MathType 6.9 for Windows is fully compatible with Office 2016 and Office 365 for Windows. MathType is a powerful interactive tool for Windows and Macintosh that lets you create mathematical notation for word processing and desktop publishing documents, web pages, presentations and for TeX and LaTeX and MathML documents. MathType is not RAM-intensive so listing its requirements is not necessary. ![]() Pentium or compatible, PowerPC/Mac with Macintosh operating system, or compatible (120MHz recommended) Mac OS X 10.3.9 or later, including 10.6 (Snow Leopard). If it is running Windows 10 or any of the other supported versions of Windows, MathType will work with it. If it is running Windows RT, you cannot use MathType with it. If in doubt, check the version of Windows your tablet is running. MathType will not run on Surface RT, Surface, and Surface 2 tablets. ![]() MathType will run on Microsoft Surface Pro, Surface Pro 2, Surface 3, and Surface 3 Pro tablets. RAM and hard disk requirements are minimal. MathType runs on Microsoft Windows 10, 8 (not Windows RT), 7, Vista, or XP.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |